SARS-CoV-2 Testing Before International Airline Travel,December 2020 to May 2021

Although there have been several case reports and simulation models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission associated with air travel, there are limited data to guide testing strategy to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission onboard commercial aircraft. Among 9853 passengers with a negative SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test performed within 72 hours of departure from December 2020 through May 2021, five (0.05%) passengers with active SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified with rapid antigen tests and confirmed with rapid molecular test performed before and after an international flight from the United States to Italy. This translates to a case detection rate of 1 per 1970 travelers during a time of high prevalence of active infection in the United States. A negative molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 within 72 hours of international airline departure results in a low probability of active infection identified on antigen testing during commercial airline flight.     

经皮内镜下清创感染性胰腺坏死组织失败危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响感染性胰腺坏死（IPN）病人经皮内镜下清创（PEN）治疗失败的风险因素。 方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年12月中国人民解放军东部战区总医院重症急性胰腺炎中心诊治的56例IPN病人临床资料，根据是否接受开放手术以及死亡的结局，分为PEN成功组（42例）与PEN失败组（14例）。观察比较两组病人入院临床特征、清创操作步骤及预后，并对影响PEN失败的相关因素进行单因素分析和多因素分析。结果 PEN总体成功率为75.0%。与PEN成功组相比，PEN失败组入院时急性生理及慢性健康状况Ⅱ（APACHE Ⅱ）评分、序贯器官功能衰竭（SOFA）评分，持续器官功能衰竭比例、使用机械通气和血管活性药物使用率的病人比例均更高（P均<0.05）；但PEN失败组的IPN诊断距发病病程、首次PEN距发病病程均更短（P<0.05），增强CT影像学特征中边界清晰和气泡征的病人比例更低（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、机械通气、血管活性药物、IPN诊断距发病病程、首次PEN距发病病程、首次PEN距发病病程，边界清晰和气泡征的增强CT影像学征象与PEN失败相关（P<0.05）。多因素分析结果显示SOFA评分高是PEN失败的独立影响因素（P<0.05）。 结论 APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、机械通气、血管活性药物、IPN诊断距发病病程、首次PEN距发病病程、增强CT影像学表现为即边界清晰和气泡征是PEN失败的危险因素，高SOFA评分是PEN失败独立危险因素。     

Viral Endothelial Dysfunction: A Unifying Mechanism for COVID-19

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus with significant global impact, morbidity, and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in widespread organ manifestations including acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, thromboembolism, and myocarditis. Virus-induced endothelial injury may cause endothelial activation, increased permeability, inflammation, and immune response and cytokine storm. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder that is a precursor of atherosclerotic vascular disease that is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and peripheral disease. Several studies have associated various viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 infection with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent innate immune response and cytokine storm. Noninvasive monitoring of endothelial function and identification of high-risk patients who may require specific therapies may have the potential to improve morbidity and mortality associated with subsequent inflammation, cytokine storm, and multiorgan involvement.     

A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

BackgroundVaccines are urgently needed to prevent the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of vaccine candidate mRNA-1273, encoding the prefusion-stabilized spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.MethodsThis phase 2, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 8 sites in the USA, in healthy adults aged ≥18 years with no known history or risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and had not previously received an investigational CoV vaccine or treatment. Participants were stratified into two age cohorts (≥18-<55 and ≥55) and were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to either 50 or 100 µg of mRNA-1273, or placebo administered as two intramuscular injections 28 days apart. The primary outcomes were safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity assessed by anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike binding antibody level (bAb). Secondary outcome was immunogenicity assessed by SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) response.ResultsBetween 29 May and 8 July 2020, 600 participants were randomized, 300 per age cohort. The most common solicited adverse reactions were pain at injection site, headache, and fatigue following each vaccination in both age cohorts. One serious adverse event deemed unrelated by the site investigator occurred 33 days post-vaccination one. mRNA-1273 induced bAb and nAb by 28 days post-vaccination one that were higher at the 100 µg dose relative to the 50 µg dose; this difference was less apparent post-vaccination two. Binding antibodies and nAb increased substantially by 14 days following the second vaccination (day 43) to levels exceeding those of convalescent sera and remained elevated through day 57.ConclusionsVaccination with mRNA-1273 resulted in significant immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in participants 18 years and older, with an acceptable safety profile, confirming the safety and immunogenicity of 50 and 100 µg mRNA-1273 given as a 2 dose-regimen.ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04405076.     

重症肺炎与肺梗死

肺梗死是儿童重症肺炎的少见并发症，多累及下叶近胸膜处，常常继发于肺血栓栓塞，诊断依靠于胸部增强CT检查。关于儿童重症肺炎并发肺梗死的研究较少，相关病因学、流行病学、临床特点等数据缺乏。基于成人的研究提示肺梗死与肺血栓栓塞的临床表现、治疗及预后类似。儿科医师应提高对本病的认识，通过真实世界研究方法发掘客观规律，积累儿科诊治经验。     

多种油脂肪乳剂对超未成熟儿肝功能影响

目的: 探讨多种油脂肪乳剂对超未成熟儿肝脏功能的影响。方法: 回顾分析2015年7月1日至2021年6月30日收治的胎龄＜28周、接受肠外静脉营养超过2周的超未成熟儿60例。根据应用脂肪乳剂种类不同,分为SMOF (多种油脂肪乳)组(n=30),和LCT (长链脂肪乳)组(n=30)。比较2组DBIL、ALT、γ-GT、TBA达峰值的指标及胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积(PNAC)发病率。结果: LCT组DBIL、ALT、γ-GT、TBA峰值均数分别为25.7(6.5~223)μmol·L^-1、(52.5±44.7) U·L^-1、(204.9±74.7) U·L^-1、(64.9±48.6)μmol·L^-1,SMOF组DBIL、ALT、γ-GT、TBA峰值均数分别为15.1(5.2~167.7)μmol·L^-1、(32.5±18.8) U·L^-1、(176.9±74.7) U·L^-1、(53.3±35.8)μmol·L^-1,其中2组DBIL、ALT峰值比较,P分别为0.026及0.034,差异均有统计学意义。2组γ-GT、TBA峰值比较差异无统计学意义。LCT组PNAC发生率为40%,SMOF组PNAC发生率为16.7%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.042)。结论: 与LCT比较,SMOF能减轻超未成熟儿DBIL、GOT、γ-GT、TBA的严重程度,并降低PNAC的发生率,对肝脏有一定的保护作用。     

Poor immune response to coronavirus disease vaccines in decompensated cirrhosis patients and liver transplant recipients

Background and aimsRecent studies have reported poor humoral immune response to mRNA vaccines in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). However, the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 (vector-based) and BBV152 (inactivated virus) vaccines in patients with CLD and liver transplant recipients (LTRs) is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to assess the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 and BBV152 vaccines in patients with CLD (including cirrhosis patients) and LTRs.MethodsIn this single-center prospective study, consecutive completely vaccinated (ChAdOx1 or BBV152) non-cirrhosis CLD patients, those with cirrhosis, and LTRs were compared with matched healthy controls for anti-spike antibody and cellular response.ResultsSixty healthy individuals, 50 NCCLD patients, 63 compensated and 50 decompensated cirrhosis, and 17 LTRs were included. The proportion of non-responders was similar among the healthy control (8 %), non-cirrhosis CLD (16 %), and compensated cirrhosis groups (17.5 %;p = 0.3). However, a higher proportion of patients with decompensated cirrhosis (34 %) and LTRs (59 %) were non-responders than the healthy controls (p = 0.001). Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4-effector cells were lower in patients with non-cirrhosis CLD and compensated cirrhosis. CD4-naïve, CD4-effector, B, and B-memory cells were lower in the decompensated cirrhosis group. Although the central memory cells were higher in the decompensated cirrhosis group, they could not differentiate into effector cells. CD4- and CD8-naïve cells were higher in the marrow in the LTRs, while the CD4-effector memory cells and CD4- and CD8-effector cells were lower in the LTRs. Furthermore, B cells were more deficient in the LTRs, suggesting poor antibody response.ConclusionPatients with decompensated cirrhosis and LTRs demonstrated suboptimal humoral and cellular immune responses against recombinant and inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.     

肺脏超声评价儿童重症肺炎疗效的应用分析

目的:探讨肺脏超声（LUS）评价儿童重症肺炎（SP）疗效的应用价值。方法:选取142例儿童SP患者，回顾性根据临床疗效判断标准分为治愈组75例、好转组49例、无效组18例。分别于入院时、入院第7天和第15天对所有患儿行LUS及X线片检查，观察3组患儿肺部征象，并进行LUS评分。入院第15天时，采用临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）评估3组肺部感染情况，采用血气分析仪检测肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A-aDO2）及氧合指数（OI）水平，采用Pearson相关系数分析入院第15天LUS评分与CPIS、A-aDO2和OI的关系。结果:入院第7天和第15天治愈组患儿LUS评分、坐位B线数和平卧位B线数均少于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。治愈组患儿胸膜线异常和A线消失率低于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。治愈组患儿入院时和入院第7天胸腔积液LUS检出率高于X线片（P<0.05），无效组患儿入院时和入院第15天LUS胸腔积液检出率高于X线片（P＜0.05）。治愈组患儿CPIS和A-aDO2水平低于好转组和无效组（P<0.05），OI水平高于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示，入院第15天LUS评分与CPIS和A-aDO2呈正相关（P<0.05），与OI呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论:LUS及LUS评分能够有效评估儿童SP的临床疗效，且胸腔积液检出率更高，具有较高的临床应用价值。 【关键词】肺脏超声；儿童；重症肺炎；肺脏超声评分；临床疗效